CALPITAL / Guides
Guides
Concepts, examples and methods to make sense of your calculations.
25 articles
Capital gains tax guide: US, UK, France and Germany
Compare capital gains tax rates across the US, UK, France and Germany. Learn about short-term vs long-term rates, exemptions, and tax-efficient strategies.
Crypto staking guide: earn passive income
Complete crypto staking guide. Proof of Stake, APY vs APR, compounding frequency, risks: slashing, lock-up, price volatility.
Crypto tax guide: US, UK, France and Germany
How cryptocurrency is taxed across the US, UK, France and Germany. Taxable events, reporting requirements, and country-specific exemptions.
DCF valuation guide: estimating company value
Estimate a company's value using DCF analysis. Cash flow projections, discount rate, terminal value and limitations.
Dollar cost averaging: a step-by-step guide
Learn how dollar cost averaging works, its benefits and drawbacks, ideal frequency, and see worked examples over 1-year and 5-year periods.
FIFO method explained for crypto investors
FIFO (First In First Out) cost basis method for crypto. How to apply it, comparison with weighted average by country.
How to calculate a mortgage payment
Calculate your mortgage: monthly payment formula, affordability check, loan-to-value ratio and free mortgage calculator for the UK and Europe.
How to calculate Bitcoin mining profitability
Calculate Bitcoin mining profitability: hashrate, power consumption, electricity cost, network difficulty. Formula and worked example.
How to calculate business profit
Calculate gross profit, operating profit and net profit: P&L structure, corporation tax rates and the difference between profit and cash flow.
How to calculate compound interest
Calculate compound interest: formula, rule of 72, effect of compounding frequency and free compound interest calculator with regular contributions.
How to calculate crypto profit and loss
Learn how to calculate cryptocurrency profit and loss. Entry price, quantity, current price, realized vs unrealized gains, and common mistakes to avoid.
How to calculate freelance net income
Calculate your freelance take-home pay: self-employment tax, National Insurance Class 2 & 4, allowable expenses and free income simulator.
How to calculate income tax in the UK
Calculate your UK income tax: tax bands 2024/25, personal allowance, National Insurance and free income tax calculator online.
How to calculate loan monthly payments
Calculate your loan payment: amortisation formula, APR vs interest rate, total cost of borrowing and free loan payment calculator online.
How to calculate net salary from gross
Convert your gross salary to net: National Insurance rates, income tax deductions, take-home pay formula and free salary calculator online.
How to calculate profit margin
Calculate gross, net and operating profit margin: formulas, markup vs margin, industry benchmarks and free margin calculator for businesses.
How to calculate rental yield on a property
Calculate gross and net rental yield: formula, operating costs to deduct, income tax on rent and free property investment calculator online.
How to calculate stamp duty and notary fees
Calculate stamp duty and notary fees when buying property. UK SDLT brackets, France acquisition costs, and Germany Grunderwerbsteuer rates by state.
How to calculate the break-even point
Learn how to calculate the break-even point for your business. Fixed costs, variable costs, contribution margin, formula and worked example.
How to calculate total return on a stock
Calculate total return on a stock: price appreciation and dividends. Formula, worked example and comparison with price return.
How to calculate VAT: formula and examples
Calculate VAT easily: add or remove VAT formula, UK and EU rates (20%, 5%, 0%), worked examples and free online VAT calculator.
How to calculate your borrowing capacity
Calculate your mortgage borrowing capacity. Debt-to-income ratio, residual income, loan term and tips to increase it.
Sharpe ratio explained: evaluating portfolio performance
How to use the Sharpe ratio to evaluate risk-adjusted portfolio performance. Formula, interpretation thresholds, worked examples and limitations.
Understanding exchange fees: spread, commission and hidden costs
How exchange fees work: spread, commission, mid-market rate. Compare real costs and tips to reduce currency exchange fees.
Understanding the P/E ratio
What is the price-to-earnings ratio, how to interpret it, sector comparisons, forward vs trailing PE, and key limitations investors should know.